3650 - Freedom of Expression PART 1 (Legal Theory and Freedom of Expression) I. Ethical Theories and the First Amendment A. Why Do We Do What We Do 1. Determinism 2. Free Will B. Ethical Theories 1. Consequentialist a. Utilitarianism b. Categorical Imperative c. Contractarianism 2. Deontological II. Legal Theory and Constitutional Analysis A. Where Does Law Come From (Philosophical) 1. Natural Law (Lon Fuller) a. Law is immanent in nature b. Laws are discovered or found, not created c. The First Amendment does not "give" anything 2. Legal Positivism (H.L.A. Hart) a. Political law b. No connection between laws and morals c. Correct Decisions can be deduced from preexisting rules 3. Legal Interpretivism (Ronald Dworkin) a. Law is not immanent in nature b. Law and morality are linked c. Law does not exist outside the legal profession B. Non-First Amendment Controls on Media 1. Economic 2. Public 3. Internal 4. Legal 5. Government Discretionary Controls B. Where Does Law Come From (Substantive) 1. Constitutional Law a. The role of the Constitution i. The supremacy clause ii. Separation of powers iii. Judicial review b. Interpreting the First Amendment i. Absolutist ii. Preferred position iii. Presumption of constitutionality iv. Compelling state interest v. Over-breadth c. Modes of Constitutional Interpretation i. Textualism ii. Original Meaning iii. Judicial Precedent iv. Pragmatism v. Moral Reasoning vi. National Identity ("Ethos") vii. Structuralism viii. Historical Practices d. General Concepts and Theories i. Absolutist ii. Compelled Speech iii. Compelling State Interest iv. Facial Challenges v. Freedom of Association vi. Incorporation vii. Least Restrictive Means viii. Liberty Model ix. Natural Law x. Natural Rights xi. Original Intent xii. Preferred Position xiii. Privacy xiv. Right to be Forgotten xv. State Constitutional Provisions on Expressive Activity xvi. Unconstitutional Conditions Doctrine xvii. Viewpoint Discrimination 2. Statutory Law 3. Administrative Law 4. Common Law C. Basic Issues in the Law 1. Problem of Government 2. Problem of Conduct a. Morality b. Behavior c. Legality 3. Problem of Government/Society III. Theories of Press Freedom A. Authoritarian 1. Philosophical Background a. Plato - The Republic b. Machiavelli - The Prince c. Hobbes ' Leviathan d. The Great Chain of Being 2. Relationships a. The Nature of the Individual b. The Nature of the State c. The Nature of Knowledge 3. Means of Control a. Licensing of Printing b. Licensing Individual Works c. Prosecution d. Kept Press e. Taxation f. Censorship / Prior restraint B. Libertarian 1. The Rise of Liberalism a. Thomas Aquinas b. John Rawls 2. John Milton a. Areopagitica b. Free and Open Marketplace of Ideas 3. John Stuart Will a. On Liberty b. The Value of Opinion 4. John Locke a. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding i. The Social Contract ii. Life, Liberty, Property C. Neoliberal / Social Responsibility 1. Hutchins Commission on Freedom of the Press (1942-1947) a. Freedom and Responsibility b. Social Welfare and Discussion c. Role of the Press i. Truth and balance ii. Forum for exchange of ideas iii. Media are common carriers iv. Media provide alternate viewpoints v. Represent constituent groups vi. Present and clarify goals vii. The media mirror society viii. The media lead society ix. The Projective-Reflective Theory x. Full Access to the Day's Intelligence 2. Alexis de Tocqueville a. Democracy in America IV. Media Control - Accountability A. Control by the Media 1. Codes of Ethics a. Motion Picture Production Code b. NAB Code c. Others B. Control by the Public 1. The Process a. Monitor the media b. Find an applicable Rules c. Negotiate a solution 2. Examples a. Action Groups b. John Banzhaf and Cigarette Commercials c. Social Pressure C. Control by the Government V. Current Perspectives on the First Amendmednt A. Balancing - Zechariah Chafee B. Facilitate Public Discourse - Alexander Meiklejohn C. Access to Media - Jerome Barron D. Self-Fulfillment - Thomas Emerson E. Watchdog role - Vincent Blasi VI. Introduction to the Judicial System A. Terminology B. From Complaint to Supreme Court VII. Evaluating the Constitutionality of the First Amendment Restrictions A. Strict Scrutiny 1. Does the law advance a compelling state interest? 2. Is the law narrowly tailored? 3. Is the law the least restrictive necessary? B. Rational Basis 1. Is the law rationally related to a legitimate state interest? VIII. Federal and State Court Systems A. Federal Courts 1. Federal District Court 2. Federal Circuit Court of Appeals 3. U.S. Supreme Court B. Administrative Agencies 1. Administrative Agency (FCC, FTC, SEC, NLRB, etc., etc.) 2. Federal Circuit Court of Appeals 3. U.S. Supreme Court C. State Systems 1. Trial Court 2. State Supreme Court 3. U.S. Supreme Court Part 2 (Substantive Issues in Free Expression) I. First Amendment Theory, Method and Doctrine A. Theory B. Method C. Doctrine II. What's the Problem? A. Bad tendency B. Clear and Present Danger C. Imminent Lawless Action III. Introduction to Media Law A. First Amendment 1. Government vs. Business 2. Free Expression B. Time, Place and Manner 1. The "reasonable person" 2. Compelling state interest 3. Overbreadth 4. Least restrictive alternative C. Broadcast 1. Federal Communications Commission 2. Public Interest, Convenience and Necessity 3. Cable D. Libel 1. Elements a. Publication b. Identification c. Defamation 2. Public Officials, Public Figures, Private Figures E. Privacy 1. Invasion of Solitude 2. Publication of Private Matters 3. False Light 4. Misappropriation F. Pornography & Obscenity 1. Constitutional Protections 2. Miller Three-Part Test a. Offensive sexual content b. Offends local standards c. Lacks serious merit G. Records & Meetings 1. Tennessee Open Records & Open Meetings 2. Federal Freedom of Information Act H. Media & National Security 1. Espionage Act of 1917 2. Right of Access 3. Right to Publish I. Internet 1. Protection for children vs. Access for adults 2. Whose information is it? J. Free Press / Fair Trial 1. State vs. Federal 2. Criminal vs. Civil K. Advertising / Commercial Speech 1. Federal Trade Commission 2. What does the ad say? a. False b. Deceptive c. Unfair 3. Puffery L. Copyright 1. Who, what, when, how 2. Fair Use a. The nature of the use b. The nature of the work c. Proportion taken d. Economic impact IV. First Amendment Issues, Cases and Comments A. The First Amendment in Context: Minersville School District v. Gobitis (1940) B. Advocacy of Illegal Action 1. Masses Publishing Co. v. Patten (1917) 2. Schenck v. United States (1919) 3. Abrams v. United States (Holmes Dissent) (1919) 4. Gitlow v. New York (1925) 5. United States v. Schwimmer (1929) 6. Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969) C. Reputation and Privacy 1. Beauharnais v. Illinois (1952) 2. New York Times v. Sullivan (1964) 3. Gertz v. Welch (1974) 4. Florida Star v. B.J.F (1989) D. Pornography/Obscenity 1. Kingsley Pictures v. Regents (1959) 2. Miller v. California (1973) 3. Paris Adult Theater I v. Slaton (1973) 4. American Booksellers v. Hudnut (1985) E. Offensive Words, Fighting Words, Hostile Audience 1. Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire (1942) 2. R.A.V. v. St. Paul (1992 3. Cohen v. California (1971) 4. United States v. Stevens (2010) 5. Snyder v. Phelps (2011) F. Prior Restraints 1. Near v. Minnesota (1931) 2. New York Times v. United States (1971) G. Media Impact 1. Violence a. Catharsis b. Aggressive Cues c. Observational Learning d. Reinforcement e. Cultivation 2. The Media Made me Do It a. Comic Books b. Movies i. Mutual Films v. Ohio ii. The Hays Office iii. Motion Picture Production Code iv. Burstyn v. Wilson v. Jacobellis v. Ohio c. Television and Music i. Florida v. Ronny Zamora (1977) ii. Olivia N. v. NBC (1981) iii. McCollum v. CBS (1988) iv. James Vance v. CBS and Judas Priest (1989) v. Waller v. Ozzy Osbourne (1992) H. Media & National Security 1. The Connection Between Extreme Participation and Totalitarianism 2. Right of Access vs. Right to Publish a. Access i. Project Jennifer and The Glomar Explorer ii. Phillippi v. CIA (The Glomar Principle) iii. Flynt v. Rumsfield b. Right to Publish i. U.S. v. Marchetti / Knopf v. Colby ii. Agee v. CIA / Haig v. Agee iii. Snepp v. U.S. iv. New York Times v. U.S. (Pentagon Papers) v. U.S. v. Progressive (The H-Bomb Case) vi. Julian Assange and Edward Snowden 3. Patriot Act a. Search and Seizure b. Background to the Patriot Act c. The Patriot Act and You I. Electronic Media and Content Regulation 1. Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC (1969) 2. FCC . Pacifica Foundation (1978) 3. FCC v. Fox Television Stations (2009) 4. But, compare with Miami Herald v. Tornillo J. Wealth and the Political Process 1. Buckley v. Valeo (1978) 2. Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010) 3. McCutcheon v. Federal Election Commission (2014) K. Protection of Reporters' Sources and Secrets 1. Branzburg v. Hayes (1972) 2. Herbert v. Lando (1979) L. Access to The Judicial System 1. Richmond Newspapers v. Virginia (1980) M. Privacy and the Public Forum 1. Hill v. Colorado (2000) 2. Reed v. Town of Gilbert, Arizona (2015) N. Government Property and the Public Forum 1. Krishna Consciousness v. Lee (1991) 2. Lee v. Krishna Consciousness (1991) O. Government Subsidies of Speech 1. Rust v. Sullivan (1991) 2. Walker v. Texas Division, Sons of Confederate Veterans (2015) P. Government as Educator and Editor 1. Tinker v. Des Moines School District (1969) 2. Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier (1988) Q. Right to Associate or Not Associate 1. West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943) 2. Wooley v. Maynard (1977) 3. Roberts v. United States Jaycees (1984) 4. Boy Scouts of America v. Dale (2000) R. Distinguishing Between "Content" and "Manner" 1. United States v. O'Brien (1968) 2. Texas v. Johnson (1989) 3. Barnes v. Glen Theater (1991) 4. Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission (2018) S. Commercial Speech 1. Va. State Board of Pharmacy v. Va. Citizens Consumer Council (1976) 2. Central Hudson v. Public Service Commission (1980) 3. Lorillard Tobacco v. Reilly (2001)